INTRODUCTION
Anyone who has spent time studying a drop of blood under a darkfield microscope will have observed a number of different morphologies developing in real-time. As time passes, these morphologies can become more and more complex. The more symptoms the patient has, and particularly with chronic, degenerative diseases, the more complex the “organisms” observed.This phenomenon was observed by leading microscopists such as Antoine Bechamp, Gunther Enderlein, Royal Raymond Rife, Wilhelm Reich, Gaston Naessans, as well as by present-day microscopists. All have seen small particles moving vigorously in body fluids, which were named “protits”, “bions” or “somatids.” Many believed that these moved by Brownian motion, and some scientists believed that they contain genetic material that gives them the ability to reproduce and therefore develop into higher forms of complex morphologies. This theory remains to be proven.

There has however been research to try to determine the DNA sequences for the complete Cyclogeny as described by Enderlein. Apparently, this research has shown that there is no genetic material in these protits or somatids.

UNANSWERED QUESTIONS
So given that there is no genetic material for these morphologies, then just what is it that we are undeniably viewing in the polymorphic progressions that occur in live blood pictures? How are these complex morphologies actually produced (see images below for examples)? Certainly there have been researchers that have seen realbacteria undergo pleomorphic changes, such as Royal R. Rife who stated that there are a total of 10 different germs and that these change according to the medium that they live in. The pleomorphic development of E. coli,for example, would be:
E. coli to salmonella typhi to mycobacterium tuberculosum to yeast forms to the bacterium X (BX) and finally the bacterium Y (BY).

These are real organisms in the sense that they have genetic structures that have been identified by geneticists. However, the various forms that are seen under darkfield such as ascits, chondroits, diokothecits, filum, mych, protits, synascits, thecits and others have not been identified as having any genetic material. The question stated above regarding how these complex morphologies are produced refers to these “Enderlein” morphologies, not thereal bacteria that were observed by Rife undergoing pleomorphic changes.

A POSSIBLE EXPLANATION OF PLEOMORPHIC CHANGES
During an interesting Live Blood Analysis workshop in London recently, a possible explanation for this “grouping of particles” phenomenon was postulated by one of the authors. It is worthwhile expounding on this concept, as it is possible to explain the flocculation of particles by the physics of ZETA-POTENTIAL.

WHAT IS ZETA-POTENTIAL The zeta potential is a measure of the magnitude of the repulsion or attraction between particles. Simply put, Zeta Potential is a measurement of the charge on the surface of blood cells, platelets, proteins and debris in the plasma. It is the force responsible for particles in blood repelling one another or clumping together.

Around all negatively charged particles there is a charge, which will attract positive ions. The tightly bound positive ion surrounding the particle is known as the stern layer. Ions further away from the particle form the diffuse layer. Somewhere within the diffuse layer is a notional boundary referred to as the Hydrodynamic Plane of Shear.

The zeta-potential is the electrical potential at the hydrodynamic plane of shear. It depends not only upon the particle surface, but also on the dispersant and can be affected by small changes in pH or the ionic strength of the medium. Particles react to the magnitude of the zeta-potential not to their surface charge. Charge interactions between particles probably play a role in all dispersion mechanisms.

HOW IS THIS SIGNIFICANT TO LIVE BLOOD ANALYSIS?
It may well be that the zeta-potential of the blood medium that we are examining under darkfield will differ from patient to patient depending on the conductivity and pH of the medium. The healthier the patient’s blood, the more it will stay within an optimum zeta potential and hence there will be little flocculation of particles. The more the zeta potential moves away from optimum parameters, the more flocculation there will be, leading the microscopist to see the high-valance morphologies seen in the Enderlein Cyclogeny. Let’s look at the logistics of these physical principles a little more carefully.

Blood is intended to be in a dispersed state that is just on the verge of beginning to aggregate. This is required for an effective clotting mechanism, so if we cut ourselves we don’t bleed to death. The clotting cascade is triggered when platelets, activated by damage, release positively charged (cationic) calcium ions together with a series of clotting factors and enzymes. The result is insoluble fibrin threads that form a blood clot. With blood naturally poised at this point, clearly anything we eat, drink or do that pushes it even slightly further in that direction will have a major impact on the blood picture.

Agglutination is influenced by a variety of factors but anything that donates or steals electrons affects Zeta Potential by altering the degree of negative charge on the surface of RBCs and other constituents of plasma. Anything that reduces this negative charge will increase the stickiness of blood, and vice versa.

THE DYNAMICS OF ZETA POTENTIALS
If all the particles have a large zeta-potential (either +ve or –ve) they will repel each other and there is DISPERSION STABILITY. If the particles have low zeta-potentials, there is no force to prevent the particles coming together and there is DISPERSION INSTABILITY, causing particles to flocculate, as observed under the darkfield microscope.In general, the more in the optimum range of zeta potential, the more stable the particle dispersion is likely to be. The dividing line between an aqueous particle dispersion being stable and instability is considered to be +30mV and –30mV. So if all particles have a zeta-potential that is more positive than +30mV or more negative than –30mV, the dispersion should remain stable. The closer the zeta-potentials get to 0mV, the more likely we are to see flocculation or sticking together of particles.

The zeta-potential of particle dispersion can be affected by:

1. Changes in the pH of the sample – even very small changes. In general, the zeta-potential is positive at high pH and negative at low pH (Fig 1). Any pH changes of between 4 – 7.5 will cause flocculation or sticking together of particles. The most serious flocculation would occur at a pH of around 5.5 – this is the isolectric point (see Fig 2). Any pH above 7.5 (most healthy body tissues should remain in this range) will lead to stability of particles and no flocculation.

Fig 2 The Isoelectric Point – 5.5 = serious flocculation

2. The conductivity of the medium (concentration and whether there are minerals present or not, as well as the presence of divalent or trivalent cations).
3. The concentration of a particular additive in the sample, such as xenobiotics, viruses, bacteria, parasites that are part of most chronic diseases.

Zeta-potentials can be measured with a Zetasizer Nano instrument using the Laser Doppler Electrophoresis technique and the patented technique of Mixed Mode Measurement Phase Analysis Light Scattering (M3-PALS). Particles move with a characteristic velocity, which is dependent on the field strength, the dielectric constant of the medium and the zeta-potential.

CONCLUSIONS
The phenomenon of electrophoresis – the movement of a charged particle relative to the liquid it is suspended in under the influence of an applied electric field – is basic physics. The magnitude of the electrostatic interactions between particles can be determined by measuring the zeta-potential of the particle dispersion.

Enderlein was correct in predicting that valence intensification depends on the prevailing pH of the blood or tissue, but believed that the various “bacteria” observed under darkfield would reproduce either asexually by binary fission or budding (auxanogeny) or sexually after preceding nuclear fusion (Probaenogeny). This does, of course, assume that there is genetic material in the protits, which has yet to be proven.

It is feasible to postulate, given that no genetic material has been identified to date to explain this upward mobility by reproduction, that the complex morphologies observed using the darkfield microscope are created by changes in zeta-potential resulting from different levels of pH in the tissues and plasma, as well as the conductivity of the blood. Xenobiotics, bacteria, viruses, parasites, etc. can affect this, which cause changes in the dielectric constant and field strength.
The possibility postulated here is that the healthier the person, the more alkaline is their tissue and blood; hence there is particle stability with no flocculation and no upward movement of the endobiont. The converse indication is that the more unhealthy the person, the more acidic is their tissue and blood, ensuing in a lower observed zeta-potential, with flocculation and the presence of complex morphologies with high valencies in blood samples.

The phenomenon of the upward movement of the endobiont in the cyclogeny, causing high valences and more and more complex morphologies should be further examined based upon these simple physical phenomena described in this brief article. If and when genetic material is identified in the endobiont, then maybe this will open other avenues of research.

WHAT ABOUT THE SANUM REMEDIES?
The other question that needs to be answered is how do the Sanum remedies work, that Prof. Enderlein scrupulously created and undoubtedly work effectively with various dis-eases. Could it be that the remedies are shifting the zeta-potentials in some way? Could it be that they are varying the dielectric constants and field strength? Could it be that they are functioning by changing the quantum fields? All these are interesting questions that need more deliberation. There is no disputing that Sanum remedies do work effectively, but the question is how?

WHAT IMPROVES THE BLOOD PICTURE?
A negative charge on particles entering the bloodstream helps to increase dispersion by enhancing the Zeta Potential on blood colloids. In fact, anything that increases, protects or replenishes the negative charge on the membranes will be beneficial to health.

According to Dr Patrick Flanagan, who has studied the health-enhancing properties of Hunza water, Hydrogen is particularly important, as it is the only carrier of electrons in the body. It should come as no surprise to learn that a plentiful supply of negatively charged hydrogen electrons (anions) is found in all organic matter. However, storage, processing and cooking depletes plant and animal tissue of H-.

Conversely, positively charged cations are found in foods with chemical preservatives, artificial flavours and colours, and pesticide residue, or food that has been overcooked or microwaved. These foods lower the Zeta Potential of the gut and subsequently the blood.

FACTORS THAT ENCOURAGE DISPERTION
There are a number of factors that can help to disperse the agglutinated matter in the blood and therefore enhance Zeta Potentials:

• Essential Fatty Acids (especially Omega-3s)
• Organic, fresh, raw food
• Antioxidants
• Vitamins: A, D E, K, C
• Others: Co Q10, alpha-lipoic acid
• Minerals: Magnesium, Zinc, Selenium, Manganese
• Phytochemicals: Carotenoids, Flavonoids, Proanthocyanadins, Catechins
• Spring Water
• Energy Medicine
• Ionisers
• Maintaining correct pH
• Balanced electrolytes